Risk groups of laryngeal cancer treated with chemoradiation according to nomogram scores - A pooled analysis of RTOG 0129 and 0522.

OBJECTIVES: To develop nomograms predicting overall survival (OS), freedom from locoregional recurrence (FFLR), and freedom from distant metastasis (FFDM) for patients receiving chemoradiation for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical and treatment data for patients with LSCC enrolled on NRG Oncology/RTOG 0129 and 0522 were extracted from the RTOG database. The dataset was partitioned into 70% training and 30% independent validation datasets. Significant predictors of OS, FFLR, and FFDM were obtained using univariate analysis on the training dataset. Nomograms were built using multivariate analysis with four a priori variables (age, gender, T-stage, and N-stage) and significant predictors from the univariate analyses. These nomograms were internally and externally validated using c-statistics (c) on the training and validation datasets, respectively. RESULTS: The OS nomogram included age, gender, T stage, N stage, and number of cisplatin cycles. The FFLR nomogram included age, gender, T-stage, N-stage, and time-equivalent biologically effective dose. The FFDM nomogram included age, gender, N-stage, and number of cisplatin cycles. Internal validation of the OS nomogram, FFLR nomogram, and FFDM nomogram yielded c = 0.66, c = 0.66 and c = 0.73, respectively. External validation of these nomograms yielded c = 0.59, c = 0.70, and c = 0.73, respectively. Using nomogram score cutoffs, three risk groups were separated for each outcome. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed and validated easy-to-use nomograms for LSCC outcomes using prospective cooperative group trial data.

Scleral necrosis in patients with posterior uveal melanomas evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy and treated by 125I plaque / Necrose escleral em pacientes com melanoma da úvea posterior avaliados pela biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina e tratados com placa de Iodo 125

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the incidence, potential correlation with transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy, and treatment of scleral necrosis in patients with posterior uveal melanomas treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy and assessed by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. Methods: We per­formed a retrospective review of posterior uveal melanoma treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy at a single academic institution between July 2006 and July 2013. Consecutive patients diagnosed with a posterior uveal melanoma during the study period that had an anterior margin at or anterior to the equator who were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy prior to 125I plaque radiotherapy were included. The main outcome measure was development of scleral necrosis, and the secondary outcome was treatment of this complication. Statistical analysis included computation of conventional descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and chi-square tests of potential factors related to the development of scleral necrosis, and summarizing of treatment approaches and results. The incidence of treatment of scleral necrosis was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: During the 7-year study period, 87 posterior uveal melanomas were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy and treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy. The median largest basal diameter of the tumor was 13.3 mm, and the median thickness was 6.8 mm. Eight patients (9.2%) developed scleral necrosis during follow-up. Thicker tumors (> 6.5 mm) were more likely to develop scleral necrosis (n=7) than thinner tumors (p=0.05). The median interval between 125I plaque radiotherapy and detection of scleral necrosis was 19.1 months. The overall cumulative probability of scleral necrosis was 6.2% at 6 months and 14.3% at 24 months, subsequently remaining stable. For thicker tumors, the probability of scleral necrosis was 23.5% at 45.4 months. Five patients were treated by scleral patch graft (62.5%) and three by observation (37.5%). One patient underwent enucleation after two failed scleral patch attempts and recurrent scleral necrosis. The mean follow-up period for patients with scleral necrosis was 34.5 months. Conclusions: Thicker posterior uveal melanomas are more likely to develop scleral necrosis after 125I plaque radiotherapy and transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. While observation is sufficient for managing limited scleral necrosis, scleral patch graft is a viable alternative for eye preservation in extensive scleral necrosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar incidência, possível correlação da biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral e manejo da necrose escleral em pacientes com melanoma da úvea posterior tratados com placa de Iodo-125 (PLACA) avaliados pela biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de melanoma da úvea posterior tratados com placa de Iodo-125 entre 07/2006 e 07/2013 em uma única instituição acadêmica. Pacientes diagnosticados consecutivamente com melanoma da úvea posterior durante o intervalo desse estudo cuja margem anterior está no equador ou anterior ao mesmo e foram avaliados pela biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral antes do tratamento com PLACA foram incluídos. O principal desfecho avaliado foi desenvolvimento de necrose escleral e o desfecho secundário foi o manejo dessa complicação. Análise estatística incluiu computação de variáveis descritivas convencionais; tabulação e teste do Chi-quadrado de fatores potencialmente relacionados com o desenvolvimento de necrose escleral e sumarização do manejo dessa complicação. A incidência de necrose escleral foi calculada usando o método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Durante o período de 7 anos desse estudo, 87 melanomas da úvea posterior foram avaliados pela biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral e tratados com placa. A mediana do maior diâmetro basal tumoral foi 13,3 mm e a mediana da espessura foi 6,8 mm. Oito pacientes (9,2%) desenvolveram necrose escleral durante o período de acompanhamento. Tumores mais espessos (> 6,5 mm) foram mais propensos a desenvolver necrose escleral (n=7) que tumores mais finos (p=0,05). O intervalo mediano entre PLACA e a detecção da necrose escleral foi 19,1 meses. Probabilidade cumulativa de desenvolvimento de necrose escleral foi 6,2% em 6 meses e 14,3% em 24 meses permanecendo estável subsequentemente. Em tumores espessos, a probabilidade de necrose escleral foi 23,5% em 45,4 meses. Cinco pacientes foram manejados com enxerto escleral (62,5%), 3 foram observados (37,5%). Um paciente foi enucleado após 2 enxertos esclerais com necrose escleral recidivada. Tempo de seguimento médio dos pacientes com necrose escleral foi 34,5 meses. Conclusões: Tumores espessos pareceram mais propensos a desenvolver necrose escleral após PLACA e biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral para melanoma da úvea posterior. Apesar de observação para necrose escleral limitada ser suficiente, enxerto de esclera é uma alternativa viável para preservação ocular em necrose escleral extensa.

Scleral necrosis in patients with posterior uveal melanomas evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy and treated by 125I plaque.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence, potential correlation with transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy, and treatment of scleral necrosis in patients with posterior uveal melanomas treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy and assessed by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. METHODS: We per-formed a retrospective review of posterior uveal melanoma treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy at a single academic institution between July 2006 and July 2013. Consecutive patients diagnosed with a posterior uveal melanoma during the study period that had an anterior margin at or anterior to the equator who were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy prior to 125I plaque radiotherapy were included. The main outcome measure was development of scleral necrosis, and the secondary outcome was treatment of this complication. Statistical analysis included computation of conventional descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and chi-square tests of potential factors related to the development of scleral necrosis, and summarizing of treatment approaches and results. The incidence of treatment of scleral necrosis was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: During the 7-year study period, 87 posterior uveal melanomas were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy and treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy. The median largest basal diameter of the tumor was 13.3 mm, and the median thickness was 6.8 mm. Eight patients (9.2%) developed scleral necrosis during follow-up. Thicker tumors (> 6.5 mm) were more likely to develop scleral necrosis (n=7) than thinner tumors (p=0.05). The median interval between 125I plaque radiotherapy and detection of scleral necrosis was 19.1 months. The overall cumulative probability of scleral necrosis was 6.2% at 6 months and 14.3% at 24 months, subsequently remaining stable. For thicker tumors, the probability of scleral necrosis was 23.5% at 45.4 months. Five patients were treated by scleral patch graft (62.5%) and three by observation (37.5%). One patient underwent enucleation after two failed scleral patch attempts and recurrent scleral necrosis. The mean follow-up period for patients with scleral necrosis was 34.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Thicker posterior uveal melanomas are more likely to develop scleral necrosis after 125I plaque radiotherapy and transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. While observation is sufficient for managing limited scleral necrosis, scleral patch graft is a viable alternative for eye preservation in extensive scleral necrosis.

Eye-Sparing Treatment for Diffuse Invasive Conjunctival Melanoma.

The management of patients with diffuse invasive conjunctival melanoma focuses on local tumor control and screening for metastasis. Despite the lack of consensus on the benefit of sentinel lymph node biopsy for these neoplasms, the information obtained by histopathology is useful for tumor staging and treatment planning. Due to the lack of evidence of survival improvement, orbital exenteration is being performed with diminishing frequency. We describe a patient with diffuse invasive conjunctival melanoma and lymph node involvement treated by tumor debulking, brachytherapy (custom unshielded radioactive device), and adjuvant ipilimumab who has had a favorable outcome without emergence of local tumor relapse or distant metastasis during 16 months of follow up.

Acute toxicity after cyberknife-delivered hypofractionated radiotherapy for treatment of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate acute toxicity outcomes of prostate cancer patients treated with CyberKnife-delivered hypofractionated radiotherapy. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review analysis of the first 50 patients treated with CyberKnife radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Most patients were affected with early to intermediate stage prostate cancer. Two patients had metastatic disease at presentation and were excluded. A total of 37 patients received irradiation at a dose of 35 to 37.5 Gy in 5 fractions of 7 to 7.5 Gy per fraction. Assuming an alpha/beta ratio of 1.5 Gy, this process delivered an equivalent dose of 85 to 96 Gy in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2). A subset of patients (n = 11) received standard linear accelerator-based pelvic radiation treatment either by intensity modulated radiation therapy or tomotherapy and received a boost via the CyberKnife at a dose of 17.6 to 25 Gy in 2 to 5 fractions (EQD2= 46.6-72 Gy). The acute toxicities were recorded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0, throughout treatment and at patients' follow-up visits. RESULTS: The median patient age at presentation was 66 years (range, 46-80). The mean pretreatment prostate specific antigen and Gleason scores were 9.16 ng/mL and 7, respectively. Grade 2 acute genitourinary toxicity was reported by 10% of patients (n = 5). Only 3 patients reported grade 3 acute genitourinary toxicity. No gastrointestinal grade 2 or grade 3 toxicities were reported. CONCLUSIONS: CyberKnife-delivered hypofractionated radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has an acceptable acute toxicity profile.